Izindlela zokususa i-fluorine

1. Izindlela zokususa i-fluorine yilezi ezilandelayo:

1) Amanzi aqukethe i-fluorine adlula kukholomu yokumunca bese i-fluorine imuncwa phezu kwe-adsorbent ukuze ikhiqize i-fluoride engancibiliki. Ama-adsorbent yi-alumina esebenzayo, i-triccalcium phosphate noma i-bone charcoal. Yindlela endala kunazo zonke esetshenziswa emanzini angaphansi komhlaba ane-fluoride < 10mg/L kanye ne-sleeve substance < 5mg/L. Uma umthamo wokususa i-fluorine ye-adsorbent uvame ukugcwala, isidingo sokwengeza ukuvuselelwa kwe-agent yokuvuselela.

2) i-coagulant coagulant ifakwa emanzini aqukethe i-fluorine ukuze kwakheke i-fluoride enganyibiliki, esuswa ngokuhluzwa kwemvula. Ama-coagulant yi-Al2(SO4)3, i-aluminium chloride eyisisekelo, i-magnesium hydroxide, njll. Ifanelekela amanzi angavuthiwe anomswakama ophezulu kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-fluorine okuphansi.

3) Indlela yokushintshanisa ama-ion ISEBENZISA amandla okushintshanisa ama-ion resin ukususa ama-ion e-fluorine emanzini.

4) i-electrodialysis IFISA ukuvuleka okukhethiwe kwe-membrane yokushintshana kwe-ion ukususa i-fluorine

5) indlela ye-reverse osmosis ISEBENZISA ukuvuleka okukhethiwe kwe-membrane engenela kancane ukuze kususwe i-fluorine

Phakathi kwezindlela ezingenhla, 3), 4) kanye no-5) ziyasebenza emanzini anosawoti kanye nezindawo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-fluorine. I-reverse osmosis isetshenziswa kabanzi njengamanje.

2. Amaphuzu abalulekile okuklama ubuchwepheshe bokujiya kukasawoti we-aluminium kanye nokususwa kwe-fluorine ngemvula

Ukujiya kwe-coagulation kufanelekile emanzini angaphekiwe anokuqukethwe kwe-fluoride okungu-<4mg/L. Amanzi angaphekiwe anokuqukethwe kwe-fluorine okuphansi kanye nokungcola kwamanzi kudingeka kususwe ngesikhathi esifanayo. I-ejenti kufanele ikhethe usawoti we-aluminium. Uma ukugcwala kwe-CL- emanzini angaphekiwe kuphezulu, kusetshenziswa i-aluminium sulfate. Uma ukugcwala kwe-sulfate yamanzi angaphekiwe kuphezulu, kusetshenziswa i-aluminium chloride; I-aluminium chloride eyisisekelo isetshenziswa lapho kokubili ukugcwala kwe-ion kuphezulu.

Isikhathi sokujiya singamaminithi angu-5-6 kanti inani le-pH ngokuvamile lilawulwa phakathi kuka-6.5 no-7.5. Ithangi lokuxuba, ithangi lokusabela kwe-flocculation, ithangi lokuthungwa kanye nemvula kudingeka kuklanywe ngesivinini esiguquguqukayo noma imvula engapheli, ngomphumela omuhle wokususa i-fluorine.

Ukugeleza kwenqubo: amanzi angaphansi komhlaba – ukujiya – imvula – ukuhlunga, lapho ikhwalithi yamanzi aluhlaza ilungile, kungashiywa imvula noma iyunithi yokwelapha ukuhlunga, ngokuvamile isetshenziswa ngaphambi kokulinganisa ipompo, ukuxuba ipompo, imvula emile, ukuthatha amanzi angaphezulu ukuze uwaphuze.

3, ukwakheka kwenqubo yokususa i-fluorine kanye ne-alumina esebenzayo

Ngokuvamile, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-fluoride ane-alkalinity ephezulu kanye ne-PH > 8.0, kuyilapho i-PH inethonya elikhulu kumthamo wokumunca we-alumina esebenzayo. Umthamo wokumunca we-alumina esebenzayo ungu-4-5g(F-)/kg(Al2O3) lapho i-PH yokungenisa amanzi ingu-6.0-6.5. Ku-PH engu-6.5-7.0, umthamo wokumunca wawungu-3-4g(F-)/kg(Al2O3). Ngaphandle kokulungiswa kwe-PH, umthamo wokumunca ungaba ngu-1g(F-)/kg(Al2O3).

I-alumina esebenzayo iyinto yokuhlunga, usayizi wezinhlayiya kufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-2.5mm, ngokuvamile u-0.5-1.5mm, i-coefficient engalingani yezinto zokuhlunga K80≤2 lapho okuqukethwe kwe-fluoride kwamanzi aluhlaza kungaphansi kuka-4mg/L, ukujiya kwezinto zokuhlunga kufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-1.5mm; Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-fluoride kwamanzi aluhlaza kungaphezu kuka-4mg/L, ukujiya kwezinto zokuhlunga kufanele kube ngaphezu kuka-1.8mm. Lapho i-PH yokungena kwamanzi ingu-> 7.0, izinga lokuhlunga ngokuvamile liyi-2-3m/h, futhi lapho i-PH yokungena kwamanzi ingaphansi kuka-7.0, izinga lokuhlunga ngokuvamile liyi-6-8m/h, futhi isikhathi sokuxhumana esifanele kufanele sibe yimizuzu engama-20-30. I-aluminium sulfate isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuvuselela, isilinganiso somthamo wokususwa kwe-fluorine singu-60:1, kanti okuqukethwe kwesisombululo sokuvuselela singu-2%-3%. Ngesikhathi sokuvuselela, amanzi angavuthiwe aqale ahlanzwa kusukela phansi kuya phezulu ngamandla okugeza angu-11-12l (s.m2), isikhathi sokugeza singu-5-8min kanye nokuphakama kokukhula okungaba ngu-50%. Ngemuva kwalokho, isisombululo se-aluminium sulfate esingu-2% sasetshenziswa ukuvuselela, esadluliswa kusukela phezulu kuya phansi ngesilinganiso sokuhlunga esingaba ngu-0.6m/h futhi sahlala imizuzu engu-6-8. Ngemva kokuvuselela, hlanza ngamanzi okususa uketshezi. Amandla okugeza ayefana nokuhlanza kokuqala futhi kwahlala imizuzu engu-8-10.