Izinto ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziselwa ukulungisa ii-complexes zeglasi zibizwa ngokuba zizinto zeglasi. Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo zibhekisa kwizinto ezisetyenziswayo ezifaka ii-oxide ezahlukeneyo kwiglasi ukuze zenze umzimba oyintloko wesakhiwo seglasi, nto leyo echaza iipropati ezisisiseko zomzimba nezekhemikhali zeglasi. Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenziswayo sisihlabathi se-quartz, i-feldspar, i-limestone, i-dolomite, i-soda ash njalo njalo. Ezi zinto zihlala zibonelelwa ngomgubo okwangoku. (1) izinto ezisetyenziswayo ze-silica izinto eziphambili ezisetyenziswayo ze-silica sisihlabathi se-silica (esaziwa ngokuba sisihlabathi se-quartz), esinokwahlulwa sibe sisihlabathi se-silica sendalo kunye nesihlabathi se-silica esicutshungulwayo ngokwemeko yaso ekhoyo kwindalo. Ngenxa yobunzima benkqubo yokwakheka kwayo, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zesihlabathi se-silica sendalo kudla ngokutshintshatshintsha kakhulu, kodwa ukusasazwa kobukhulu bamasuntswana ayo kuyafana. Umgangatho wesihlabathi se-silica sendalo, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukulawula ukwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukuguquguquka kokwakheka kunye neeminerali ezinobunzima obungaguqukiyo. Ulwakhiwo lweekhemikhali lulawula ikakhulu umxholo weFez 03, kwaye luhlelwa kwaye lusetyenziswe ngokomgangatho walo. Umgangatho wesanti ye-silica udweliswe kwitheyibhile 2-16.2) ukucutshungulwa kwesanti ye-silica ukucutshungulwa kwesanti ye-silica yi-quartz rock okanye i-sandstone ore eluhlaza ngenkqubo ethile yokucutshungulwa kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous. Ngenxa yokuba ubunyulu be-quartzite okanye i-sandstone ore ngokubanzi buphezulu, umxholo wokungcola uncinci kwaye uzinzile, umgangatho wesanti ye-silica eveliswa ngokucutshungulwa uphezulu kwaye uzinzile. Nangona kunjalo, ukusuka kwi-quartzite okanye i-sandstone ore ukuya kwisanti ye-silica ekhoyo enobukhulu obuthile bengqolowa, kunzima ukulawula ubungakanani bengqolowa, ngoko ke ixabiso liphezulu. Isanti ye-silica ngokubanzi icutshungulwa ngendlela emanzi, enomxholo othile wokufuma. Isanti ye-silica yeyona nto inzima ukuyinyibilikisa. Ubungakanani beenxalenye, ukusasazwa kobukhulu beenxalenye kunye nokwakheka kweenxalenye kunemiphumo ebalulekileyo ekuxubeni, ekunyibilikeni nasekuhlanganiseni i-composite. Ukuncipha kobukhulu beenxalenye kuluncedo ekunyibilikeni kweglasi, kodwa okukhona kuncinci kokukhona kungcono. Umgubo wesanti ye-silica uya kubakho ngenxa yeqela, kukho isithuba se-granular kwinani elikhulu lama-micro bubbles abangelwa kukunyibilika. ubunzima, kwangaxeshanye ubukho bomgubo wesanti ye-silica bunokuba ngaphambi kwexesha kwaye inqwaba yezinto ezifana ne-sodium, i-calcium, i-magnesium zisabela ekuveliseni uxinano oluphambili lokunyibilika, i-viscosity, i-easy cause furniture material layer kwi-hierarchy, nto leyo ebangela ezinye izinto ezingafunekiyo kwi-batch. Imilo yeenkozo zesanti ingcono ngemilo ye-angular, kuba imilo ye-angular yendawo yomphezulu inkulu, kwaye amathuba okudibana kwe-flux, kwinkqubo yokuxuba, ukuthutha akulula ukuwahlulahlula. Isanti ye-silica kufuneka ihlolwe kwaye yamkelwe kwindawo yokumba. Umxholo wokufuma wesanti ye-silica kufuneka ulawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-8% xa i-ore iveliswa, kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-5% xa isanti ilayishwa kwindawo yokusebenzela. Ixabiso lokuguquguquka komswakama yi-0.4%. Itheyibhile 2-17 ibonisa iimfuno zomgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza ze-siliceous. (2) umxholo we-A12 03 kwiglasi yebhotile eqhelekileyo ngokubanzi yi-2.0% ~ 5.0%. Iibhotile zeglasi ezimhlophe eziphezulu ze-A12 03 zenziwe ikakhulu yi-alumina kunye ne-aluminium hydroxide ukuze zibambe, kodwa zinciphisa imfuneko yomgangatho weglasi yesikhongozeli kunye neglasi yombala, zingakhetha ukusebenzisa i-sodium feldspar, i-potassium feldspar, okanye i-calcium feldspar ukuze zitsale ekusetyenzisweni kwe-feldspar spectacular A120 3 ngaxeshanye, iindawo ze-feldspar Naz O okanye i-K2 0 zinokuthatha indawo yenxalenye ye-soda ash, iluncedo kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa iglasi. Nangona kunjalo, umxholo wesinyithi kwi-feldspar ngokubanzi uphezulu, i-Fe2 03 ingaphantsi kwe-0.1% yezimbalwa kakhulu, ngoko ke ingasetyenziselwa kuphela ibhotile eqhelekileyo kunye neglasi yebhotile, kwaye ayinakusetyenziswa kwibhotile yodidi oluphezulu kunye neglasi yebhotile. I-Feldspar ngokwendlela yayo eyahlukileyo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali inokwahlulwa ibe zine. iintlobo ze-potassium feldspar, i-sodium feldspar, i-calcium feldspar, i-barium feldspar. Ngokwendalo, zimbalwa iidipozithi ezahlukeneyo zee-feldspars ezine, uninzi lwazo luxutywe nezinye iiminerali ngobuninzi obahlukeneyo. Itheyibhile 2-18 idwelisa iimfuno zomgangatho wezinto ze-feldspar. (3) I-Na20, izinto ezikrwada ze-sodium oxide, yindlela elungileyo yokutshintsha iglasi. Ke ngoko, umxholo we-Na20 kwi-chemical composition yeebhotile zeglasi kunye neetini unxulumene kakhulu neemeko zokunyibilika kweglasi, ekwi-14% ~ 16% okwangoku. Iglasi yebhotile ye-Na2 0 ingeniswa kakhulu yi-soda ash. I-soda ash luhlobo lwezinto ezikrwada zekhemikhali, icandelo layo eliphambili yi-Naz C03. I-soda ash yahlulwe yaba yi-crystal soda (Na2 C03 · 10H20) kunye ne-calcined soda (Naz C03). Uninzi lothuthu lwesoda olusetyenziswa kwishishini leglasi yisoda ekhatywayo ngaphandle kwamanzi ekristale eyenziwe ngendlela ye-ammonia alkali. Uthuthu lwesoda olukhatywayo luyimpuphu emhlophe, enyibilikayo lula emanzini, kulula ukufunxa amanzi emoyeni kwaye ithambile, igcina, kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo yokugcina izinto eyomileyo. Uthuthu lwesoda yenye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo ezichaphazela ixabiso leglasi. I-alkali enzima kufuneka ikhethwe kwiglasi yebhotile. Xa ithelekiswa ne-alkali ekhaphukhaphu, i-alkali enzima inobuqhophololo obuhle, i-hygroscopicity, ayinabhabha kakhulu kwaye ayinakubekwa macala, nto leyo enokuphucula ukufana kunye nesantya sokunyibilika kwekhompawundi. Kodwa amasuntswana e-soda aqinileyo kakhulu awakwazi ukusebenzisana ngempumelelo nezinye izinto ezichaseneyo kwisixhobo ngokulinganayo anceda isiphumo sokudibanisa, aya kubangela ukungalingani nomxube wezinto ngokwazo, achaphazele umgangatho wokunyibilika kweglasi kunye nokucaca, ke ngoko, ubungakanani obufanelekileyo be-particle buyi-0.22 ~ 0.42 mm. Indawo ehlala ixesha elide yesoda ash, edla ngokuba namanzi angama-5% ~ 8%, xa isetyenziswa kufuneka kumiselwe umswakama ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Ukuguquguquka kwesoda ash ngexesha lokunyibilika kweglasi yi-0.5% ~ 3.2%. I-calcium soda ash idla ngokuba neNacl encinci, kuba iCl iyasebenza kakhulu, ukuguguleka kwe-refractory kuyingozi kakhulu. Ubungakanani besoda ash bukhulu, kwaye ukuqokelelwa kweCl kwisisombululo seglasi kutshanje kutsale ingqalelo yeshishini. (4) indima yepotassium oxide (K20) kwiglasi ifana nekaNa20. Kwimveliso yeglasi yebhotile neyeetini, inani elincinci le-K20 lisetyenziselwa ukuthatha indawo yenxalenye encinci ye-Na20, enokunyusa i-refractive index yeglasi kwaye iphucule ukukhanya kunye nokudluliselwa kweemveliso. Uzinzo lweekhemikhali ze-alkali oxides ezimbini kwiglasi lungcono kunolwe-alkali oxide enye. Kwisilinganiso sezimbini, kukho inqaku elifanelekileyo, isenzeko. Isiphumo sesiseko esixutyiweyo. Isiphumo se-K2 0 kwi-thermal expansion coefficient yeglasi sikhulu kune-Na20. Ke ngoko, xa kutshintshwa inxalenye ye-Na20 nge-K20, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe impembelelo kwi-thermal expansion coefficient yeglasi. I-K20 kwiglasi yebhotile ngokubanzi ingeniswa yi-calcining potassium carbonate. Xa i-potassium carbonate inyibilikiswa kwiglasi, ukulahleka kwe-volatible kwe-K20 kumalunga ne-12% yobunzima bayo. Iimfuno zomgangatho we-potassium carbonate zezi: K2 C03 ngaphantsi kwe-96%, na2040.2%, KCI+K2 S04 43.5%, amanzi anganyibiliki < 0.3%, amanzi -3%. Ixabiso le-potash liphezulu kune-soda ash, kuba oku, ngaphandle kwebhotile kunye neglasi yebhotile yemfuno ekhethekileyo, uninzi lwebhotile kunye neglasi yebhotile ayisebenzisi i-potash ukutsala i-potassium oxide ngqo, ithatha i-potassium oxide kunye ne-feldspar endaweni yoko. (5) Ukungeniswa kwe-calcium oxide, izinto ezikrwada, i-calcium oxide (Ca0) kwiglasi yeyona ndima iphambili ye-stabilizer, oko kukuthi, ukwandisa uzinzo lweekhemikhali kunye namandla oomatshini eglasi, kodwa xa umxholo uphezulu kakhulu, unokwenza ukuthambekela kwekristale yeglasi ukuba kwande, kwaye kulula ukwenza iglasi ibe brittle. Umxholo weCao kwiglasi yebhotile eqhelekileyo yi-7% ~ 11%, ngokubanzi kungabi ngaphezu kwe-12.5%. ICao kubushushu obuphezulu inokunciphisa i-viscosity yeglasi, ikhuthaze ukunyibilika kunye Ukucaciswa kweglasi kodwa xa ubushushu buhla, i-viscosity iyanda ngokukhawuleza, nto leyo eyenza kube nzima ukubumba, ngoko ke, ukuba ingakanani i-Cao ekwiglasi, ukongeza ekuqwalaseleni impembelelo yeCao kwiimpawu zeglasi, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe nendlela yokubumba iglasi kunye nezinye izinto. Iglasi enobume beCao obuphezulu kufuneka ikhawuleze ingene kwisithando somlilo, okanye imveliso ilula ukuyiqhuma. Xa kunyibilikiswa iglasi yesodium-calcium, kungcono ukusondela kwi-21 nge-Na0Ca0. Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenziswa kwiglasi yejari yi-limestone, i-calcite kunye netshokhwe. I-limestone equlethe i-Fez 03 40.015% isetyenziswa ekuveliseni izixhobo kunye nezinto ezimhlophe. I-limestone equlethe i-Fez 03 engaphantsi kwe-0.04% isetyenziswa ekuveliseni iglasi enemibala. Umxholo wamanzi welimestone kufuneka ulawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-1%. Xa ukwakheka kweglasi kufuna ukuba umxholo we-iron oxide ube ngqongqo kakhulu, ungatshintshwa yi-calcite, ecocekileyo kakhulu kunelimestone, kodwa ikwabiza kakhulu. (6) ubungakanani be-magnesium oxide (Mgo) kwi-chemical composition yeebhotile zeglasi kunye neetini ngokubanzi bungaphantsi kwe-2%. Xa usebenzisa i-Mgo engaphelelanga endaweni ye-Cao engaphelelanga, inokunyusa i-viscosity xa i-vitreous liquid ishushu kakhulu, inokwenza i-vitreous harden speed ibe ncinci, ibenze i-sex ibe yinde, iphucule i-vitreous form property kwaye inciphise ukuthambekela kwayo kwi-crystallization, i-calcium, i-magnesium kunye ne-2 valence alkaline earth metal oxide inokuphucula uzinzo lweekhemikhali ze-vitreous, ithintele ukuba imveliso iwele kwindawo emanzi ixesha elide. I-Mildew. I-Phenomenon. Ngokubanzi, ubungakanani bokutshintshwa kufuneka bulawulwe ngaphantsi kwe-3%, ngelixa ubungakanani bokutshintshwa bungaphezulu kwe-3%, nto leyo eya kuchaphazela ukunyibilika nokwenziwa kweglasi. Kwakuqhelekile ukucinga ukuba i-dolomite kunye nelimestone yamasuntswana amancinci ziyanyibilika, kodwa ngophando olunzulu malunga nendlela yokusebenza. I-batch yeglasi enobushushu obuphezulu, iya kufumana ukufunxwa kwe-interloper dolomite particle ejikeleze amasuntswana amakhulu e-silica, ithintele isanti ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwimpendulo, ngelixa amasuntswana e-limestone aqinileyo ekuqaleni kwempendulo ye-silica engamanziswanga yisigaba sokuqala, ulwelo oluphambili lunokudlula kakuhle kwizikhewu phakathi kwe-dolomite enkulu yengqolowa, i-limestone, isanti ye-silica yokumanzisa ejikelezwe, inyuse ngakumbi izinga lokuphendula kwe-silica. Nangona kunjalo, kwinqanaba lokugqibela, iigesi ezikhutshwa kukubola kwazo ngokukhawuleza kunye nokunyibilika zilungele ukucaciswa kunye nokuhlanganiswa kolwelo lweglasi. Kufunyaniswe ukuba xa amasuntswana ezi zimbini enyuka aye kwi-2.5mm, iimpawu zokunyibilika nokucaca kweglasi ziphucuka kakhulu, kwaye xa ubungakanani bamasuntswana bungaphezulu kwe-3mm, iimpawu zokunyibilika nokucaca kweglasi ziyancipha kakhulu. Ke ngoko, umda ophezulu wamasuntswana e-dolomite kunye ne-limestone kufuneka ulawulwe ngaphakathi koluhlu oluthile. Okwangoku, ukusetyenziswa kwe-dolomite enkulu yeenkozo, i-limestone yinto eqhelekileyo. Kwimveliso yokwenyani, xa kubalwa ifomula yeglasi, i-dolomite isetyenziselwa ukungenisa i-Mgo, kwaye inxalenye enganeleyo yeCao yongezwa nge-limestone okanye i-calcite. Ukuba ukwakheka kweglasi akunayo i-Cao, i-dolomite ayinakusetyenziswa ukutsala i-Mgo kwiglasi, kufuneka ikhethe i-magnesium carbonate ukutsala i-Mg0. Iimfuno zomgangatho we-dolomite yi-Mg0≥20%, i-Cao <32%, i-Fe2O3 <0.15%.(7) ukuqaliswa kwezinto eziluhlaza ze-barium oxide i-barium oxide (i-Bao) kwindima yeglasi kunye ne-Cao kunye ne-Mgo ngokusisiseko ziyafana, kodwa iglasi equlethe i-barium kunye ne-Cao equlethe iglasi, ikhanya kakuhle, iqondo elixineneyo likhulu, ngokubanzi kwibhotile yombala yeglasi ye-0.5% ~ 1% ye-Bao ukuze kuphuculwe ukukhanya kweglasi. I-Bao inokukhawulezisa ukunyibilika, ukucaca kunye nokuthintela i-crystallization yeglasi, kodwa xa idosi inkulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokwenzeka kwe-2Ba0 1002 2Ba02 reaction, ukucaca kweglasi kunzima, kwaye izinto ezicimayo nezichasayo zinokukhukuliseka okukhulu. I-barium sulfate yendalo (i-BaS04) eyaziwa ngokuba yi-barite, i-BaS04 iqulethe inani elikhulu lokuguquguquka, kwaye umxholo wokungcola nawo mkhulu, usetyenziselwa kuphela umgangatho weemfuno zeglasi aziphezulu. I-BaS04 yezeMveliso yi Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiglasi ye-fluorine opacities kunye neglasi ye-jade yokulinganisa kwiglasi yebhotile, okwenza iglasi ivelise isiphumo se-opacities esibuthathaka. Kodwa kwenzeka xa usebenzisa kakhulu. Iglasi yamanzi., kwizixhobo ezichasayo, ezicinywayo, ukubumba kunye nomgangatho wemveliso kuzisa uthotho lweziphumo ezimbi. Ukuveliswa kwebhotile kunye neglasi yetini, iBao ngokubanzi ingeniswa yi-industrial barium carbonate. Ukongeza, izinto eziluhlaza eziqulathe i-barium zinobuthi obuthile, ekusebenzeni kwe-batching kufuneka kuqwalaselwe ukhuseleko. Iimfuno zomgangatho we-industrial barium carbonate yiBac03 97%, Fe2 03 40.1% kunye ne-acid enganyibilikiyo 3%.
Ixesha lokuposa: Epreli-14-2020