I-fluoridation yamanzi yikrele elintlangothi-mbini. E-US i-fluoride yongezwe kwiindawo ezininzi zamanzi ukuze kuthintelwe ukubola kwamazinyo. (Ndingatsho ukuba i-fluoride ngokwemvelo ifumaneka kwiindawo ezininzi zamanzi okusela kwihlabathi liphela). Nangona kunjalo, i-fluoride ingonakalisa amathambo xa isetyenziswa kakhulu kwaye inokuba yingozi naxa uyithatha kakhulu.
I-desiccant activated alumina idlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekunciphiseni amanqanaba e-fluoride emanzini. Ngokwenza oku i-activated alumina ishiya i-fluoride eyaneleyo emanzini ukuze abantu bafumane izibonelelo zayo zempilo ngelixa kwangaxeshanye iqinisekisa ukuba i-fluoride eyonakalisayo empilweni ayihlali emanzini okusela.
Ngo-1994 i-World Health Organisation yacebisa ukuba amanqanaba e-fluoride emanzini afanele ukuba aqulathwe ukusuka kwi-0.5-1mg/L. Amanqanaba e-fluoride angaphezu kwe-1mg kufuneka asuswe kwi-fluoride, nto leyo enokwenziwa ngeendlela ezintathu ezahlukeneyo: ngeekhemikhali kunye nemvula, ngetekhnoloji esekelwe kwi-membrane, okanye nge-ion exchange kunye ne-adsorption.
Amaxesha amaninzi ezi ndlela zisetyenziswa kunye. Umzekelo, xa amanqanaba e-fluoride engaphezulu kwe-15ppm kusetyenziswa ilayimu ewela phantsi kweekhemikhali kwaye udidi lwemvula kufuneka lusetyenziswe kuba lunokumelana namanqanaba aphezulu e-fluoride. Nje ukuba elo nqanaba lihliswe kusetyenziswa ilayimu, i-activated alumina, ewela phantsi kodidi lwe-adsorption, kufuneka isetyenziswe ukunciphisa umxholo we-fluoride ukuya ngaphantsi kwe-1ppm kuba i-activated alumina inokucoca amanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99%.
Ingaba kwenzeka njani I-Alumina esebenzayoumsebenzi wokususa i-fluoride emanzini?
I-alumina esebenzayo ifunxa i-fluoride kuba i-fluoride itsalwa yi-alumina. Ifuna ukwenza i-aluminium fluoride, nto leyo eyenzayo xa idibana ne-alumina esebenzayo. I-alumina fluoride iya kuhlala inamathele kwiibheads ze-alumina logama nje inqanaba le-pH yamanzi lihlala lingaphantsi kwe-6. Ukuba i-pH yamanzi ihlala ingaphantsi kwe-6, ukusebenza kwe-alumina esebenzayo kuyaqala ukuhla. Ingavumela i-aluminium ukuba ingene emanzini akho, nangona i-aluminium inganyibiliki emanzini.
Qaphela: I-reverse osmosis isetyenziselwa ukususa i-aluminium emanzini kwaye kunjalo nangabanye abacoci be-distillers. I-aluminium ayingeni emanzini kuba amanzi anengxaki yokuyinyibilikisa.
Kucetyiswa ukuba unyange i-alumina esebenzayo nge-aluminium sulfate ngaphambi kokuba uyisebenzise ukuze uphucule ukusebenza kwe-adsorption yokuqala. Emva konyango lwangaphambi konyango kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ii-adsorption reactions nge-activated alumina zixhomekeke kwisantya sokuhamba. Nangona i-activated inokumelana namazinga aphezulu okuhamba kwaye isasebenza, amandla ayo okufunxa ayancipha kwaye oku kunokukhokelela ekubeni kwenziwe imijikelo eyongezelelweyo. Ukuphinda kabini izinga lokuhamba kuvumele i-33% ye-fluoride ngaphezulu kwiibhedi ze-alumina ezisebenzayo, ngaloo ndlela kunciphisa ukusebenza kwe-alumina esebenzayo ekufunxeni i-fluoride.
Kukho ithuba lokuba ezinye ii-ion ziphazamise inkqubo yokufunxa xa zisebenza nge-alumina esebenzayo, oku kungenxa yamanzi e-US aqulethe ezinye ii-ion. Ezi i-ion zihlala ziyi-sodium chloride, i-sodium sulfate, kunye ne-sodium bicarbonate. I-sodium chloride kunye ne-sodium sulfate aziphazamisi inkqubo yokufunxa, kodwa i-sodium bicarbonate inokunciphisa amandla e-alumina esebenzayo phakathi kwe-33% kunye ne-70%.
I-alumina esebenzayo njengee-desiccants ezininzi inokuhlaziywa. I-sodium hydroxide, i-aluminium sulfate, okanye i-sulfuric acid zifakwa kwisisombululo se-lye kunye ne-alumina esebenzayo, okuvumela ukuba i-adsorbent iphinde ivuselelwe. Nje ukuba i-alumina esebenzayo iphinde yahlaziywa ingaqhubeka nokusetyenziswa kwakhona, kwaye xa isetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo i-alumina esebenzayo ingahlala iminyaka.
I-alumina esebenzayo ibalulekile ekususeni i-fluoride emanzini ukuya kuthi ga kwi-99% nokwenza amanzi akhuseleke ebantwini ukuba bawasele.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Agasti-05-2019