Ibintu bitandukanye bikoreshwa mu gutegura ibirahuri byitwa ibikoresho by’ibanze by’ibirahuri. Ibikoresho by’ibanze bivuga ibikoresho by’ibanze byinjiza okiside zitandukanye mu kirahuri kugira ngo bibe igice cy’ingenzi cy’imiterere y’ibirahuri, ibyo bikaba ari byo bigena imiterere y’ibanze n’imiti y’ibirahuri. Ibikoresho by’ibanze ni umusenyi wa quartz, feldspar, limestone, dolomite, soda ash n’ibindi. Ibi bikoresho by’ibanze muri rusange bitangwa mu ifu muri iki gihe. (1) ibikoresho by’ibanze bya silica ibikoresho by’ingenzi bya silica ni umusenyi wa silica (uzwi kandi ku izina ry’umusenyi wa quartz), ushobora kugabanywamo umusenyi wa silica karemano n’umusenyi wa silica utunganyijwe hakurikijwe imiterere yawo. Bitewe n’uburyo ukorwa, imiterere y’imiti y’umusenyi wa silica karemano ikunze guhinduka cyane, ariko ingano y’uduce twawo irangana. Ku bijyanye n’ubwiza bw’umusenyi wa silica karemano, hakwiye kwitabwaho kugenzura imiterere y’imiti, ihindagurika ry’imiterere n’uburemere bw’imitako. Imiterere y'imiti igenzura ahanini ingano ya Fez 03, kandi ishyirwa mu byiciro kandi igakoreshwa hakurikijwe ubwiza bwayo. Ingano y'ubuziranenge bw'umucanga wa silica igaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2-16.2) gutunganya umucanga wa silica wo gutunganya umucanga wa silica ni amabuye ya quartz cyangwa amabuye y'umucanga hakoreshejwe uburyo runaka bwo gutunganya no gukora ibikoresho fatizo bya silica. Kubera ko ubuziranenge bw'amabuye ya quartzite cyangwa amabuye y'umucanga muri rusange buri hejuru, ingano y'umwanda iba nto kandi ihamye, urwego rw'umucanga wa silica ukorwa no gutunganya ruba ruri hejuru kandi ruhamye. Ariko, kuva kuri quartzite cyangwa amabuye y'umucanga kugeza ku mucanga wa silica uboneka ufite ingano runaka y'ibinyampeke, biragoye kugenzura ingano y'ibinyampeke, bityo igiciro ni kinini. Umucanga wa silica muri rusange utunganywa hakoreshejwe uburyo butose, bufite ubushuhe runaka. Umucanga wa silica ni wo muti ugoye gushonga. Ingano y'ibinyampeke, ingano y'ibinyampeke n'imiterere y'ibinyampeke bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku kuvanga, gushonga no guhuza ibinyampeke. Kugabanuka kw'ingano y'ibinyampeke ni ingirakamaro mu gushonga kw'ibirahure, ariko uko birushaho kuba byiza. Ifu y'umucanga wa silica izabaho kubera itsinda, icyuho cy'ibinyampeke kiba mu mubare munini w'udupira duto duterwa no gushonga. ingorane, icyarimwe kandi kuba hari ifu y’umucanga wa silica bishobora kuba imburagihe kandi ibintu nka sodiyumu, kalisiyumu, manyeziyumu bigatera ubucucike bw’ibanze, ubukana, urwego rw’ibikoresho byo mu itanura mu buryo bworoshye, bigatera ibindi bikoresho fatizo bidashobora guhindagurika mu itsinda. Imiterere y’ibinyampeke by’umucanga irushaho kuba myiza iyo ukurikije imiterere y’impande, kuko imiterere y’ubuso bw’ubutaka ari nini, kandi amahirwe yo guhuza ikirere, mu gihe cyo kuvanga, gutwara ibintu ntabwo byoroshye. Umucanga wa silica ugomba kugenzurwa no kwemerwa mu gace gacukurwamo amabuye y’agaciro. Ubushuhe bw’umucanga wa silica bugomba kugenzurwa munsi ya 8% iyo amabuye akozwe, kandi munsi ya 5% iyo umucanga ushyizwe mu iduka. Agaciro k'ubushuhe ni 0.4%. Imbonerahamwe ya 2-17 igaragaza ibisabwa ku bwiza bw'ibikoresho fatizo bya siliceous. (2) ingano ya A12 03 mu kirahuri gisanzwe cy'icupa muri rusange ni 2.0% ~ 5.0%. Amacupa y'ikirahuri cyera cyane ya A12 03 agizwe ahanini na alumina na aluminium hydroxide kugira ngo afatwe, ariko agabanya ubwiza bw'ikirahuri n'ikirahuri cy'amabara, ashobora kandi guhitamo gukoresha sodium feldspar, potassium feldspar, cyangwa calcium feldspar kugira ngo akuremo mu gukoresha feldspar spectacular A120 3 icyarimwe, ibice bya feldspar Naz O cyangwa K2 0 bishobora gusimbura igice cy'ivu rya soda, ni ingirakamaro ku buryo bwo gushonga kw'ikirahuri. Ariko, ingano y'icyuma muri feldspar muri rusange iri hejuru, Fe2 03 iri munsi ya 0.1% by'ibike cyane, bityo ishobora gukoreshwa gusa ku icupa rusange n'ikirahuri cy'icupa, kandi ntishobora gukoreshwa ku icupa ryo mu rwego rwo hejuru n'ikirahuri cy'icupa. Feldspar hakurikijwe imiterere yayo itandukanye y'imiti ishobora kugabanywamo ibice bine. Ubwoko bwa potasiyumu feldspar, sodium feldspar, calcium feldspar, barium feldspar. Mu bidukikije, hari ingano nke z’ibice bine bya feldspar, byinshi muri byo bivanze n’ibindi bintu by’ubutare mu buryo butandukanye. Imbonerahamwe ya 2-18 igaragaza ibisabwa ku buziranenge bw’ibikoresho bya feldspar. (3) Na20, ibikoresho fatizo bya okiside ya sodiyumu, ni uruziga rwiza rw’ibirahure. Kubwibyo, ingano ya Na20 mu bigize imiti y’amacupa n’amacupa ifitanye isano rya hafi n’imiterere y’ibirahure, ahanini iri hagati ya 14% ~ 16% muri iki gihe. Na2 0 mu kirahure cy’icupa ahanini iterwa n’ivu rya soda. Ivu rya soda ni ubwoko bw’ibikoresho fatizo bya shimi, igice cyaryo cy’ingenzi ni Naz C03. Ivu rya soda rigabanijwemo soda ya kristu (Na2 C03 · 10H20) na soda ya calcium (Naz C03). Ivu ryinshi rya soda rikoreshwa mu nganda z'ibirahuri ni soda irimo kalisiyumu idafite amazi ya kristu ikorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa amoniya alkali. Ivu rya soda rifite kalisiyumu ni ifu yera, yoroshye gushonga mu mazi, yoroshye kwinjiza amazi mu kirere kandi iraryoshye, ikabikwa mu bubiko bwumye. Ivu rya soda ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigira ingaruka ku giciro cy'ibirahuri. Alkali ikomeye ni yo ikwiye gukoreshwa mu kirahuri cy'icupa. Ugereranyije na alkali yoroheje, alkali ikomeye ifite uburemere bwiza, hygroscopicity, idakunda kuguruka no gutandukana, ibi bishobora kongera ingano n'umuvuduko w'imvange. Ariko uduce twinshi cyane tw'ivu rya soda ntidushobora gukorana neza n'ibindi bikoresho birwanya ibintu mu bikoresho bingana bifasha mu guhuza neza, bizatuma ibintu bidahuye n'uruvange rw'ibikoresho ubwabyo, bigira ingaruka ku bwiza bw'ivu ryashongeshejwe n'ubusobanuro bw'ibirahuri, bityo, ingano ikwiye y'uduce twa mm 0.22 ~ 0.42. Aho ivu rya soda rimara igihe kirekire, akenshi ririmo amazi angana na 5% ~ 8%, hagomba kuba hagenwa ku gihe ubushuhe. Ivu rya soda rihinduka mu gihe cyo gushonga kw'ibirahuri ni 0.5% ~ 3.2%. Ivu rya soda rigizwe na calcium rikunze kuba ririmo Nacl nke, kuko Cl ikora cyane, kwangirika kw'ivu rishobora kwangirika ni bibi cyane. Ingano y'ivu rya soda ni nini, kandi Cl yirundanyije mu gisubizo cy'ibirahuri iherutse gukurura inganda. (4) uruhare rwa potassium oxyde (K20) mu kirahuri rusa n'urwa Na20. Mu gukora icupa n'ikirahure, ingano nto ya K20 ikoreshwa mu gusimbuza igice gito cya Na20, bishobora kongera igipimo cyo kurekura ikirahure no kunoza ubwiza n'uburyo ibicuruzwa bikwirakwira. Ubudahangarwa bw'ibinyabutabire bya okiside ebyiri za alkali mu kirahure ni bwiza kuruta ubwa okiside imwe ya alkali. Mu gipimo cya bibiri, hari aho ibintu bihurira neza, ni. Ingaruka z'ibanze zivanze. Ingaruka za K2 0 ku gipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bw'ikirahure ni nini kuruta iya Na20. Kubwibyo, iyo usimbuye igice cya Na20 na K20, ingaruka ku gipimo cyo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe bw'ikirahure zigomba kwitabwaho. K20 mu kirahure cy'icupa muri rusange iterwa na kalisiyumu karubone. Iyo potasiyumu karubone ishongeshejwe mu kirahuri, igihombo cya K20 kiba kingana na 12% by'uburemere bwayo. Ibisabwa ku bwiza bwa potasiyumu karubone ni: K2 C03 iri munsi ya 96%, na2040.2%, KCI+K2 S04 43.5%, amazi adashonga < 0.3%, amazi -3%. Igiciro cya potasiyumu kiri hejuru ugereranyije n'ivu rya soda, kuko ibi, hanze y'icupa n'ikirahuri cy'icupa gikenewe cyane, amacupa menshi n'ikirahuri cy'icupa ntibikoresha potasiyumu mu gukurura potasiyumu oxyde, ahubwo bafata potasiyumu oxyde hamwe na feldspar. (5) Gushyiramo calcium oxide organic organic oxide (Ca0) mu kirahuri ni wo murimo ukomeye wo gushimangira, ni ukuvuga kongera ubushobozi bwo guhagarara neza kw'ibinyabutabire n'imbaraga za mekanike z'ikirahuri, ariko iyo ibikubiye hejuru cyane, bishobora gutuma crystallization y'ikirahuri yiyongera, kandi byoroshye gutuma ikirahuri kigwa nabi. Ibikubiye muri Cao mu kirahuri gisanzwe ni 7% ~ 11%, muri rusange ntibirenze 12.5%. Cao mu bushyuhe bwinshi ishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bw'ikirahuri, igatera gushonga no gushonga. Gusobanura neza ikirahure ariko iyo ubushyuhe bugabanutse, ubushyuhe buriyongera vuba cyane, bigatuma gushushanya bigorana, bityo, ingano ya Cao mu kirahure, uretse no gusuzuma ingaruka za Cao ku miterere y'ikirahure, bigomba kandi kuzirikana uburyo bwo gushushanya ikirahure n'ibindi bintu. Ikirahure gifite imiterere ya Cao nyinshi kigomba kwihutishwa mu itanura rishyushya, bitabaye ibyo umusaruro woroshye guturika. Iyo ushongesheje ikirahure cya sodium-calcium, ni byiza kwegera 21 hamwe na Na0Ca0. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi bikoreshwa mu kirahure cy'icupa ni limestone, calcite na ingwa. Limestone irimo Fez 03 40.015% ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho n'ibikoresho byera. Limestone irimo Fez 03 munsi ya 0.04% ikoreshwa mu gukora ikirahure cy'amabara. Amazi y’ibuye agomba kugenzurwa munsi ya 1%. Iyo imiterere y’ikirahure isaba ko ingano ya okiside y’icyuma iba ikomeye cyane, ishobora gusimburwa na calcite, isukuye cyane kurusha ibuye ry’agaciro, ariko kandi ihenze cyane. (6) ingano ya okiside ya magnesium (Mgo) mu bigize imiti y’amacupa y’ibirahure n’amacupa muri rusange iba iri munsi ya 2%. Iyo ukoresheje Mgo igice kugira ngo usimbuze Cao igice, bishobora kongera ubushyuhe iyo amazi ya vitreous ari mu bushyuhe bwinshi, bishobora gutuma umuvuduko wo gukomera kwa vitreous ugenda buhoro, bigatuma imibonano mpuzabitsina iba miremire, bikanoza imiterere ya vitreous kandi bikagabanya imiterere yayo ya crystallization, calcium, magnesium na 2 valence alkaline earth metal oxide bishobora kongera ubushobozi bwa vitreous mu mikorere ya chemical, bikarinda ko ibicuruzwa bigwa mu kirere gihenze igihe kirekire. Mildew. Ikigaragara. Muri rusange, ingano y’iyisimbura igomba kugenzurwa munsi ya 3%, mu gihe ingano y’iyisimbura irenga 3%, ibyo bizagira ingaruka ku gushonga no kurema kw’ikirahure. Byari bisanzwe bitekereza ko dolomite na limestone by’uduce duto bishonga, ariko hamwe n’ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo Ikirahure gishyushye cyane, kizasangamo uduce twa dolomite dufatanye hafi y’uduce duto twa silica, bikabuza umucanga kwitabira igikorwa, mu gihe uduce twa limestone duto cyane mu ntangiriro y’igikorwa cya silicate tutatoseshejwe n’icyiciro cya mbere, amazi y’ibanze ashobora kunyura mu cyuho kiri hagati y’uduce duto twa dolomite, limestone, umucanga wa silica kugira ngo utose ukikije, bikarushaho kongera umuvuduko w’ibikorwa bya silicate. Ariko, mu cyiciro cya nyuma, imyuka irekurwa no kubora no gushonga vuba bituma amazi y’ikirahure arushaho kugaragara neza kandi agahinduka kimwe. Byagaragaye ko iyo uduce tw’ibice bibiri twiyongereye kugera kuri mm 2.5, ubushobozi bwo gushonga no gukamura kw’ikirahure burarushaho kwiyongera, kandi iyo ingano y’uduce irenze mm 3, ubushobozi bwo gushonga no gukamura kw’ikirahure buragabanuka cyane. Bityo, ingano yo hejuru y’uduce twa dolomite na limestone igomba kugenzurwa mu rugero runaka. Kuri ubu, ikoreshwa rya dolomite nini y’ibinyampeke, limestone ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara. Mu musaruro nyawo, mu gihe cyo kubara formula y’ikirahure, dolomite ikoreshwa mu gushyiramo Mgo, kandi igice gito cya Cao cyongerwamo limestone cyangwa calcite. Niba imiterere y’ikirahure idafite Cao, dolomite ntishobora gukoreshwa mu gukurura Mgo mu kirahure, igomba guhitamo magnesium carbonate kugira ngo ikure Mg0. Ibisabwa ku bwiza bwa dolomite ni Mg0≥20%, Cao <32%, Fe2O3 <0.15%. (7) kwinjiza barium oxide fatizo barium oxide (Bao) mu mwanya w'ikirahure kandi Cao na Mgo ni bimwe muri byo, ariko ikirahure kirimo barium na Cao kirimo ikirahure, gifite urumuri rwiza, gifite ubunini bunini, muri rusange mu icupa ry'amabara ry'ikirahure ni 0.5% ~ 1% kugira ngo cyongere ubwiza bw'ikirahure. Bao ishobora kwihutisha gushonga, gusobanutse no gukumira crystallization y'ikirahure, ariko iyo ingano ari nini cyane, bitewe n'uko 2Ba0 1002 2Ba02 igaragara, gusobanuka kw'ikirahure biragoye, kandi ibikoresho bishobora gushonga no kugabanuka bifite isuri ikomeye. Barium sulfate karemano (BaS04) izwi nka barite, BaS04 irimo ihindagurika ryinshi, kandi umwanda nawo ni munini, ukoreshwa gusa ku bwiza bw'ikirahure ntabwo ari mwinshi. BaS04 y'inganda ni Ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu ikirahure cy’urumuri rw’ibirahure n’ikirahure cy’ijipo cya jade mu kirahure cy’icupa, bigatuma ikirahure gitanga ingaruka nke z’ijipo. Ariko bibaho iyo ukoresheje byinshi. Ikirahure cy’amazi., ku bikoresho birwanya imyuka, ibicanwa, ubuziranenge bw’ibicuruzwa kugira ngo bizane ingaruka mbi nyinshi. Icupa n’icupa bikorerwamo ikirahure, Bao muri rusange iterwa na barium carbonate mu nganda. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho fatizo birimo barium bifite uburozi runaka, mu gikorwa cyo gukusanya, ugomba kwita ku burinzi. Ibisabwa ku bwiza bwa barium carbonate mu nganda ni Bac03 97%, Fe2 03 40.1% na aside idashongesha 3%.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 14 Mata-2020