Ibisobanuro bigufi by'ubwoko butandukanye bwa alumina
Ubwoko bwa okiside ya aluminiyumu izwi kandi nka alumina yihariye, okiside ya aluminiyumu idakoresha ibyuma cyangwa okiside ya aluminiyumu ya kinyabutabire, okiside ya aluminiyumu na hydroxide ya aluminiyumu bitandukanye cyangwa ibicuruzwa byongeweho. Dukurikije imiterere yayo ya shimi, imiterere ya kristu, ingano y'uduce, ubuziranenge, ubukana, urugero rwo gusya, nibindi, bishobora kugabanywamo ubwoko burenga 300. Imiterere y'ubwoko bwinshi bwa alumina iratandukanye cyane, bumwe bushobora gukomera nka safiro, ubundi bushobora koroha nk'ifu ya talcum; bumwe bushobora kuba bufite ubucucike burenze 3,200kg /m, mu gihe ubundi bufite ubucucike buri munsi ya 3.2kg /m. Bimwe mu bintu bidashonga, ariko bimwe bishobora gushonga muri aside na base, hamwe n'ibikorwa bikomeye; bimwe bishobora kuba nk'umucanga, ariko bimwe ni colloid ivanze cyangwa thixotropic kandi ntibishobora kuyungururwa; bimwe bifite imiterere ya kristu n'umurambararo wa kristu bitandukanye cyane, bimwe ni amorphous; Bimwe bifite ubushobozi bwo kuyungurura cyane, bimwe ntibishobora kuyungurura; Bimwe ni catalysts bikora kandi bimwe ntibishobora kuyungurura. Ariko, ikintu gisanzwe cyo Ubwoko bwose bwa alumina, mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose, ni uko amaherezo buhinduka alumina ya alpha iyo bushyushye igihe kirekire ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyane. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa alumina bukoreshwa cyane mu butabire, ubuvuzi, katalyst, rubber, pulasitiki, gukora impapuro, kuzuza, irangi n'ibindi. Bitewe n'iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga no gukoresha ibikoresho bishya, isoko rya alumina y'ubwoko bwinshi ririyongera cyane.
Ii. Gushyira ubwoko butandukanye bwa alumina mu byiciro
(I) Ubwoko bwinshi bwa hydroxide ya aluminiyumu
1. Gushyira mu byiciro ubwoko bwinshi bwa hydroxide ya aluminiyumu:
(1) Hydroxide isanzwe ya aluminiyumu, D50 = 50 m, 70 m;
(2) Ifu nziza ya alumina hydroxide, D50 ≤20 m;
(3) Ifu nto ya aluminiyumu hidroksidi (hidroksidi ya aluminiyumu ihanitse), D50 ≤1 m;
(4) Hydroxide y'umweru yumye ya aluminiyumu, umweru ≥93%;
(5) Hydroxide y'umweru mwinshi ya aluminiyumu (agate y'ubukorano n'imyanda ya marble y'ubukorano), umweru ≥95%;
(6) Hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ifite alkali nke (sodium), Na2O+K2O≤0.10%;
(7) Hydroxide y'icyuma gito, Fe2O3≤0.005%;
(8) Bauxite yoroshye cyane, ifite ubwoko bwa kristu nk'umunyu wa bauxite w'amazi 1-2 ya kristu;
(9) Jeli ya aluminiyumu hidroksidi, kristu al2O3.NH2O, igice cy'ingenzi ni ubwoko bwa kristu budafite isura.
2. IMIKORESHEREZE Y'ubwoko butandukanye bwa hydroxide ya aluminiyumu:
(1) Ikoreshwa nk'ikintu kidakoresha umuriro
Hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ni icyuma cyiza cyo gucukura umuriro gikoreshwa muri pulasitiki, rubber n'izindi polimeri n'imyenda bya organic. Ibikoresho by'ubukorikori bifite hydroxide ya aluminiyumu nk'icyuma cyo gucukura ni: polyester, epoxy, phenolic, polypropylene, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, butyraldehyde rubber, neoprene, silicone rubber n'igitambaro cyo gucukura umuriro giteye imbere, tapi y'umuriro, canvas y'umuriro, umukandara w'umuriro n'ibindi. Kubera ko hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ari ifu yera, imiterere yayo ifatika n'imiterere yayo ya shimi birahamye mu bihe bisanzwe, nta bushuhe bufata, nta mpinduka z'ibara, nta burozi bugira ingaruka mbi nta mpumuro, ingano y'uduce ishobora gutunganywa uko bikenewe. Iyo ubushyuhe burenze 200℃, hydroxide ya aluminiyumu itangira kwinjiza ubushyuhe no kubora, irekura amazi atatu ya kristu. Uko ubushyuhe buri hejuru, niko umuvuduko wo kubora wihuta, bityo bikabuza ubushyuhe bwa polimeri kwiyongera kandi bikagira uruhare mu gukonjesha, kugabanya umuriro no guhagarika umuriro.
(2) Ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kuzuza amabuye y'ubukorano ya agate na marble y'ubukorano
Hamwe na hydroxide ya aluminiyumu na resin ya polyester idafite amazi cyangwa resin ya methacrylate bishobora gukora ibikoresho by'ubukorikori bya marble na agate hamwe n'ibikoresho by'isuku. Kubera ko hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ifite igipimo cyo kurekura (1.57) gisa cyane n'icya polyester resin, ibikoresho by'ubukorikori bihabwa urumuri rumurika kandi rushimishije, kandi amabara atandukanye ashobora kongerwamo kugira ngo hakorwe imiterere n'ibipimo bitandukanye. Iki gicuruzwa gifite kandi imiterere yo hejuru, uburemere bworoshye, nta mirasire, nta gucika intege, nibindi, kandi cyakoreshejwe cyane muri iki gihe.
(3) Ikoreshwa nk'impapuro zo gukora
Hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'impapuro zo gusiga hejuru, kuzuza no kudashya mu gukora impapuro. Hydroxide ya aluminiyumu yera cyane irangwa n'umweru mwinshi, ingano nto y'uduce, gukwirakwira kumwe, n'imiterere ya kristu igororotse, n'ibindi. Ishobora gusimbura ifu y'umweru ya titaniyumu bitewe nuko idagabanya umweru n'urumuri rw'impapuro, kuzigama ikiguzi cy'impapuro, kunoza ubwiza bw'impapuro, no kunoza imikorere yo gucapa.
(4) Ikoreshwa nk'iyuzuza mu menyo y'amenyo
Hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ifite imiterere yo gukururana koroheje kandi igize ibikoresho bidafite aho bibogamiye, kuzuza amenyo nk'umuti wo gukururana bishobora gukuraho neza umwanda ku menyo no ku ishinya nta kwangirika. Ingano y'uduce twa hydroxide ya aluminiyumu ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kuzuza amenyo muri rusange ni D50 ≤7 m, kandi inyongera ya alkali igomba kuba < 0.01%.
(5) Bikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho fatizo by'imiti
Kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigize ubuvuzi bw'igifu ni aluminiyumu hidroksidi, ishobora kwangiza aside yo mu gifu kandi ikaba ari igikoresho cyiza cyo gukora ubuvuzi bw'igifu.
(6) Nk'ibikoresho fatizo bya shimi
Kubera ko aluminiyumu hidroksidi ari imvange ya amphoteric, ishobora gushonga vuba muri aside ikomeye cyangwa alkali, bityo ikaba yarabaye ibikoresho fatizo bya aluminiyumu nyinshi. Nk'aluminiyumu sulfate na alum ni umusaruro wa aluminiyumu hidroksidi kugira ngo ihuze na aside sulfuriki n'umunyu wayo, polyaluminium chloride ni umusaruro wa aluminiyumu hidroksidi kugira ngo ihuze na aside hydrochloric, aluminiyumu fluoride ni umusaruro wa aluminiyumu hidroksidi kugira ngo ihuze na aside hydrofluoric, n'ibindi, hamwe na hydroxide ya aluminiyumu (cyangwa sodium aluminate solution) nk'ibikoresho fatizo, ishobora gukora 3 a, 4 a, 5 a 13 x molekile, 10 x, na Y molekile.
(2) Alumina yakozwe
Hari ubwoko umunani bwa alumina bukozwe muri kristu:,,,,,,, na. Mu gushyushya no gukuraho amazi muri aluminium hydroxide ku bushyuhe butandukanye, ubwoko butandukanye bwa kristu bwa oxide ya aluminiyumu burashobora kuboneka. Ariko, iyo ikaranze ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1200℃, ubundi bwoko bwa kristu bwa oxide ya aluminiyumu amaherezo buzahinduka -alumina.Alpha - alumina yitwa alumina yo mu bushyuhe bwinshi, izwi kandi nka alumina itarimo ingufu, izindi alumina ndwi za kristu yitwa alumina yo mu bushyuhe buke, izwi kandi nka alumina yakoreshejwe.
Nk'amazi ya alumina, uburyo n'inzira yihariye yo guhinduka kw'icyiciro nabyo biratandukanye cyane bitewe n'itandukaniro ry'ubushyuhe bwo kotsa, igihe cyo kotsa ndetse n'uburyo amazi yunganira. Iyo aluminiyumu hidroksidi iciwe vuba ku bushyuhe bwa 400-600 ℃, bitewe no gukuraho amazi, kristalo yayo irashwanyagurika, ubuso bwa kristalo burarekura, kandi imyenge myinshi n'imiturire bitangira kubaho, bityo bigatuma ubuso bwihariye bwiyongera cyane. Alumina ifite imiterere y'imyenge ikwiye, ingano nini y'imyenge n'ubuso bwinshi ifite imikorere myinshi. Imashini ikora catalyst cyangwa catalyst ikorwa nayo ishobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga imibavu, gucika cyangwa gukora hydrocarbon, gukura amazi mu mubiri, oxidation, gukuraho hydrogenation, guhindura, gukuraho sulfurization, gukuraho chloritization, gukuraho fluorine n'ibindi. Alumina ikora ishobora kandi guterwa mu dupira cyangwa igashyirwamo uduce nk'ikintu cyo kugabanya ubushyuhe n'umwuka, gikoreshwa mu gukonjesha, gutandukanya umwuka, kumisha umuyaga mu bikoresho no gushyiramo ibintu bito cyangwa imyuka mu nganda. Byongeye kandi, ifite ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gufatana, ni ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora ibikoresho birwanya umuriro.
(3) Alumina idakora neza
Oxyde ya aluminiyumu idakora kandi yitwa oxyde ya aluminiyumu ishyushye cyane, hydroxide ya aluminiyumu cyangwa indi oxyde ya aluminiyumu ikozwe na oxyde ya aluminiyumu ishyushye cyane ya 1200℃ cyangwa irengaho ubushyuhe bwinshi bwo guteka -crystalline aluminium. Nk'icyuma, alpha-alumina ifite imiterere myiza ya fiziki na shimi. Ifite isano ikomeye hagati ya molekile, crystallization nto kandi itunganye, kandi ishobora kwihanganira impinduka zitandukanye za shimi. Muri icyo gihe, alpha-alumina ifite kandi ibyiza byo gushonga cyane (2050℃), gukomera cyane, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gushyushya, imbaraga nyinshi za mashini, ubushobozi bwiza bwo kwangirika, ndetse n'imbaraga nyinshi zo kurwanya ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe, bityo ikoreshwa cyane muri ibi bikurikira:
1. irwanya
Bitewe n’uko ifite ubushobozi bwo gushonga cyane, ubushobozi bwiza bwo gukora no kurwanya ingese mu bushyuhe bwinshi, alpha-alumina ikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bitandukanye birwanya ingese, nka mullite na alumina, amatafari arwanya ingese na corundum, ndetse n’ibikoresho birwanya ingese bidahinduka.
2. Ibumba rya alumina nyinshi
Kubera ko ingano y'ubucucike bwa -alumina ari nini, ishobora gukora umubiri muto uvanze n'amazi, kandi ikarwanya kwangirika no gukomera cyane kwa mekanike, bityo ikaba ikwiriye gukorwamo porcelain idapfa kwangirika, nko gusya hakoreshejwe ubwoko butandukanye bwa porcelain, umunwa w'umucanga, uburoso bw'amazi, nibindi, ariko nanone kubera ko irwanya ubushyuhe, imbaraga z'ubushyuhe, ikwiriye gukorwamo ibikoresho bya ceramic. Bitewe n'ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukingira ubushyuhe bwinshi, -alumina nke ya sodium ikwiriye gukorwamo plugs z'ibishashi n'ibikoresho bikingira ubushyuhe bwinshi, ikibaho cy'amashanyarazi gikozwe muri thin film integrated subgrade, ibice bisanzwe n'ibindi bikoresho bya porcelain bikingira ubushyuhe bwinshi.Alpha-alumina ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora ceramic z'ubwubatsi, ceramics zo mu nganda, ceramics z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ikoranabuhanga, ibikoresho by'isuku n'ibikoresho bizima, ndetse no gutunganya ceramics, nk'amatafari ya ceramic akozwe muri alpha-alumina, hasi muri ceramics, ceramic rolling rods, pompes za ceramics, filters za ceramics, nibindi.
3. Ibikoresho birwanya kwangirika (ibikoresho birwanya kwangirika)
Kubera ubukana bwayo bwinshi, alumina ya alpha ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gusya, ibikoresho byo gusya n'ibikoresho birwanya gusaza. Iyo ishobora gukoreshwa nk'icyuma, icyuma kidakoresha feri, pulasitiki, ibiti cyangwa fibre y'ibiti n'ubwoko bwose bw'amabuye (harimo na jade) ibikoresho byo gusya no gusiga, ishobora gukora inziga yo gusya, igikoresho cyo guhindukira n'ibindi bikoresho byo gukata, ishobora gukoreshwa mu ruhu rw'imbaho ruvanze n'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe cyangwa ibikoresho by'icyuma ruhu rw'imbaho rusa n'uru ...
(4) Alumina ifite isuku nyinshi cyane
Okiside ya aluminiyumu ifite isuku nyinshi ingana na AL2O3 > 99.99%, ubunini < 1 mu m ifu ya aluminiyumu ifite isuku nyinshi, ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusya aluminiyumu ibonerana, gutwara urumuri, itara rya sodium rishyushye cyane, ibikoresho by'umubiri n'ibinyabutabire byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, amagufwa y'ubukorano, substrate ya semiconductor substrate (C), ibikoresho byo kuzuza kaseti, super filter medium, ibikoresho byo gusya byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, keramike yihariye, ibikoresho byo gukata, crucible ifite isuku nyinshi, hafi y'umurongo, intego yo gutembera, umuyoboro w'itanura, ibikoresho byo gupakira, ibikoresho bya kristu imwe, amabuye y'ubukorano, nibindi.; Ishobora kunoza ubucucike, kurangiza, umunaniro w'ubukonje n'ubushyuhe, gukomera kw'ivunika no kudacika kw'ibumba. Ishobora kunoza ubudahangarwa bw'ibicuruzwa bya molekile, ikoreshwa muri pulasitiki, kongera imbaraga za rubber no gukomera, ibyuma bikingira ubushyuhe bwinshi, birwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibikoresho byo kwisiga bigezweho; Muri icyo gihe, ikoreshwa kandi nk'ibikoresho byo gutwara ifumbire n'ifumbire mu nganda za peteroli n'ifumbire, ikoranabuhanga rya laser nk'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukoresha ikirahure cya laser neodymium na laser ruby, nk'ibikoresho byo gukingira mu nganda z'amashanyarazi, ikirere inganda, nk'uburyo bwo gutunganya indege zo mu kirere, roketi na satelite z'ubukorano, nibindi. Bitewe n'iterambere rya sosiyete n'iterambere rya siyansi n'ikoranabuhanga, urwego rw'ikoreshwa ry'ubuziranenge buhanitse na alumina nziza cyane rurimo kwaguka, kandi amahirwe yo ku isoko ni meza cyane.
(5) Corundum
Agakoresho ka alumina gasanzwe kitwa corundum, gakunze kugira amabara atandukanye bitewe n'imyanda itandukanye. Gafite ikirahure cyangwa diyama, gafite ubucucike bwa 3.9-4.1g /cm3 n'ubukana bwa 8.8. Corundum karemano na yo yitwa amabuye y'agaciro. Agakoresho gafite chromium oxyde nke muri kristalo ni rubi, agafite icyuma gito na titaniyumu ni safiro, naho agafite icyuma gito na cobalt ni emerald.
Umusaruro wa korundum karemano mu bidukikije ni muto cyane, kandi ahanini ukoreshwa mu gushariza. Korundum ikoreshwa mu bikoresho fatizo by'inganda ikorwa mu buryo bw'ubukorano. Hari ubwoko bubiri bwa korundum y'ubukorano: korundum yahujwe na korundum yasinte. Hari ubwoko bukurikira ahanini:
1. Korundum yahujwe
Alumina ivanze ahanini igizwe na alumina yera ivanze na alumina y'umukara ivanze.
Corundum yera ivanze ikorwa muri alumina y'inganda igashongeshwa mu itanura ry'umurambararo ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 2000°C. Ifite imiterere yo kwera cyane, ubuziranenge bwinshi, gukomera cyane, kwiyoroshya neza, imbaraga zikomeye zo gusya, ubushyuhe buke, kurwanya ingese, kudahinduka cyane n'ubushyuhe bwinshi n'ibindi. Ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho bigezweho byo gusya no gusiga, ibikoresho byo gusya bikozwe muri yo, gusya icyuma cya karubone nyinshi n'icyuma kitagira umuhengeri; Ikoreshwa kandi cyane mu gukora ibumba rinini rikora neza kandi ritunganye, rikoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho byihariye bya ceramic n'ibya gisirikare, ikoranabuhanga n'ibindi bikoresho bigezweho; Corundum ikorwa muri alumina itagira umuhengeri ishobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'amabuye y'agaciro y'ubukorikori.
Corundum y'umukara, izwi kandi ku izina rya emery, ikozwe muri bauxite, anthracite n'icyuma gishongeshejwe mu itanura rikoresha amashanyarazi ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 2000°C. Ibara ryayo ni umukara.
Corundum y'umukara irangwa n'ubukana buringaniye, ubucucike bwinshi bw'ibirundo, kristali nziza, coefficient yo kwaguka iringaniye, gukomera neza no kurwanya ingese, n'ibindi. Ikoreshwa cyane mu bikoresho byo guturika umucanga, ibintu byo gukuba, ibyuzuza, ibikoresho byo kuyungurura, ibikoresho byo gukata, ibintu bigabanya ubukana, ibintu byo gukuba no gusya.
2. Corundum ikozwe mu cyuma gishyushye
Corundum ikozwe mu buryo bwa sintered ishingiye ku mabuye y’agaciro ya alumina bauxite yo mu nganda cyangwa ikoze mu buryo bw’umwimerere, ikorwa n’icyuma gisya neza cyangwa umubiri, mu bushyuhe bwinshi bwa 1750-1900 ℃, kandi ifite ibanga rikomeye, ifite porosity nke, ifite imbaraga nyinshi, irwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi mu bushyuhe bwinshi no kurwanya isuri, ikoreshwa cyane mu gukora abrasive irwanya kandi itera abrasive.
3. Korundum yo mu mbonerahamwe
Corundum y'ibara ni ubwoko bw'ifu ya aluminiyumu okiside ifite ubuziranenge bwinshi, ibanza gusya, igashyirwamo utubumbe hanyuma ikamanikwa ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 1850-1950°C. Ikozwe mu gishushanyo mbonera cyakozwe neza n'imiterere ya kristale ifite ubunini bunini. Ni ibikoresho byiza birwanya ubushyuhe kandi bifite ubuziranenge bwinshi, ubuziranenge bwiza bwo kudahindagurika, ubushyuhe buke bugabanuka nyuma yo kongera gushya no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi. Corundum y'ibara ahanini ikorwa no gushonga, ariko nanone ishongeshwa n'amashanyarazi.
6) umunyu wa aluminiyumu
Umunyu wa aluminiyumu yerekeza ku bintu bigize aluminiyumu. Hano havugwa umunyu muto ukoreshwa cyane wa aluminiyumu.
1. Sulfate ya aluminiyumu
Sulfate ya aluminiyumu ifite sulfate ya aluminiyumu na sulfate ya polyaluminum, sulfate ya aluminum ammonium (ammonium alum), sulfate ya aluminum potasiyumu (alum cyangwa potassium alum), muri rusange irimo aside sulfuriki na hydroxide ya aluminiyumu cyangwa bauxite, kaolini, ivu ry'ibihumyo n'ibindi bintu by'ubutare bya aluminiyumu bikorerwamo. Sulfate ya aluminiyumu ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ingufu mu nganda, flocculant, ikoreshwa mu gutunganya amazi, gukora impapuro, nibindi, kandi inakoreshwa mu gukora ibindi bicuruzwa birimo aluminium. Sulfate ya polyalumimumu ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutunganya amazi yo hejuru; Alum ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ingufu zisembura, zigabanya ubukana n'ingufu zikoreshwa mu biryo. Alum ikoreshwa mu buvuzi gakondo bw'Abashinwa no mu ifu yo guteka. Ikoreshwa kandi mu gukora impapuro, gusiga amarangi no mu kwirinda amazi.
2. Aluminium chloride
Chloride ya aluminiyumu na polyaluminum chloride (aluminium sol) bikoreshwa muri karubone ya aluminiyumu, muri rusange itegurwa n'uburyo aside hydrochloric ikoreshwa na aluminiyumu y'icyuma, hydroxide ya aluminiyumu cyangwa imyunyu ngugu irimo aluminiyumu. Chloride ya aluminiyumu na polyaluminum chloride ni ubwoko bw'ibikoresho bisukura amazi bifite igiciro gito kandi byiza, kandi bishobora no gukoreshwa nk'ibipimo by'impapuro, gutunganya isukari, gushushanya, kurwanya iminkanyari, gutwara catalyst, gufunga, gutunganya imiti, gushyiraho sima vuba, ibikoresho fatizo byo kwisiga, nibindi.
3.Flouride ya aluminiyumu na fluoride ya sodiyumu
Fluoride ya aluminiyumu na fluoaluminate ya sodium ni umunyu wa fluoride w’ingenzi. Fluoride ya aluminiyumu ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'ikintu gihindura imiterere mu buryo bwa electrolytic aluminium. Ni ifu yera ifite crystallization isa n'urushinge. Uburyo bwo gukora fluoride ya aluminiyumu bufite uburyo butose n'uburyo bwumye. Bitewe n'ibisabwa mu kurengera ibidukikije, uburyo bwo kuvura burakurwaho cyane kandi uburyo bwo kuvura burakoreshwa cyane mu gukora. Uburyo bwo gukora aluminium fluoride yumye burimo uburyo bwo kuvura fluoride yumye bwa sosiyete ya Luqi mu Budage, uburyo bwo kuvura fluoride yumye bwa sosiyete ya Booth mu Busuwisi n'uburyo bwa HF synthesis ALF3 mu itanura ry'ubushyuhe ry'imbere n'iry'inyuma rya sosiyete ya Pincnair mu Bufaransa. Uburyo bwo kuvura ni ugukora calcium sulfate (gypsum) na gaze ya HF binyuze mu gukora fluorite na aside sulfurike, hanyuma hagakorwa aluminium fluoride binyuze mu gukora gazi ya HF na aluminium hydroxide nyuma yo kubura amazi. Iyo ikigo cy'ifumbire mvaruganda cya fosfeti gikozwe muri aside fluorosilicic ya aluminium fluoride, uburyo bwo kuvura fluoride bwa sosiyete ya Otirishiya ya Linz, ubwa mbere buhuye n'ibisabwa mu gushyushya aside fluorosilicic, hanyuma mu gikoresho cyavanzwe hamwe na aluminium hydroxide (cyangwa bauxite slurry) ku bushyuhe runaka, aluminium fluoride na silica (imvura igwa); Nanone ishobora gukoresha amazi ya ammonia na fluorosilicic acid reaction, ikorwa rya ammonium fluoride na silica gel (imvura igwa), hanyuma hamwe umuti wa ammonium fluoride na aluminium hydroxide munsi y'ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko runaka, hakorwa aluminium fluoride.
Sodium fluoroaluminate (izwi kandi nka cryolite) ni fluoride igoye, akenshi ikaba ari uduce tw’umweru cyangwa ifu y’umweru, ikoreshwa cyane cyane muri aluminiyumu ya electrolytic nk’umusemburo. Uburyo bwo gukora sodium fluoroaluminate bukubiyemo ahanini uburyo bwa soda fluoroaluminate, bubanza gukorana na aside hydrofluoric na hydroxide ya aluminiyumu kugira ngo hakorwe fluoroaluminate, hanyuma igakorana na soda kugira ngo ikore sodium fluoroaluminate (cryolite).
4. Undi munyu wa aluminiyumu
Nitrati ya aluminiyumu ishobora gukoreshwa nk'umusemburo wo gukora imvange y'ibinyabuzima, ikoreshwa mu gucapa no gusiga amarangi, ikoreshwa mu kurangiza uruhu, n'ibindi, ubusanzwe ikorwa hakoreshejwe aside nitrike ivanze na aluminiyumu cyangwa hydroxide ya aluminiyumu.
Fosfeti ya aluminiyumu ishobora gukoreshwa nk'umuti wica udukoko. Muri rusange itegurwa hakoreshejwe ifu ya aluminiyumu ivanze na fosfeti itukura.
Utuyunguruzo twa molekile twa aluminium phosphate series dufite ubushobozi bwo guhanahana iyoni nyinshi n'imikorere ya catalytic kandi twateguwe hakoreshejwe reaction ya aluminium hydroxide na aside phosphoric.
Aluminium dihydrogen tripolyphosphate ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibara rirwanya ububobere, inyuzamo umwuka (deodorant), ethylene iva muri ethanol, muri rusange iva muri aluminium y'icyuma cyangwa aluminium hydroxide hamwe na aside fosforike.
Silikate ya aluminiyumu nziza cyane ni ifu y'umweru idahinduka kandi ifite imiterere myiza kandi isa neza n'umweru. Ikoreshwa cyane mu gusiga, uruhu, gucapa no gusiga irangi, gucapa wino, gukora impapuro, pulasitiki, rabha n'ibindi bivanze n'andi mabara (ifu y'umweru ya titaniyumu). Silikate ya aluminiyumu ya Crystalline ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ingufu zo gukuraho umwuka wa methanol kugira ngo ikore dimethyl ether. Silikate isanzwe ya aluminiyumu ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kwikingira. Silikate ya aluminiyumu muri rusange itegurwa hakoreshejwe ikirahure cy'amazi hamwe na sulfate ya aluminiyumu.
Kristale ya aluminiyumu ya borate ishobora gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo kongera imbaraga muri pulasitiki, icyuma, ceramic, muri rusange hamwe na oxide ya aluminiyumu na boron cyangwa boron oxide bivanze, nyuma yo gushonga cyane, ishobora kandi kuba umwuka w'amazi mu miterere ya gazi ya aluminiyumu fluoride na boron oxide, kristalo ya aluminiyumu ya borate ikorwa.
(vii) izindi ngano nyinshi za alumina n'ibindi bicuruzwa bifitanye isano
Ubundi bwoko bwa alumina buracyafite aluminiyumu ya karubone, fibre ya aluminiyumu ya okiside, filime ya aluminiyumu ya okiside, ifu ya SB, hiyongereyeho aluminiyumu gallium alloy shot, trimethyl-aluminium n'izindi aluminiyumu za organic nazo ni ibicuruzwa bifite ikoranabuhanga riri hejuru. Fibre ya alumina igizwe na -Al2O3 single crystal fiber, -Al2O3 long fiber, -Al2O3 short fiber, ikoreshwa cyane cyane nk'icyuma, pulasitiki, rubber, ceramic material reinforcement, refractory insulation material n'ibikoresho refractory byo kurasa roketi, emulsion y'amazi y'amavuta, imvange y'amazi y'amavuta n'ibikoresho byo gutandukanya no kuyungurura amazi ya kole, kandi ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gutwara catalyst mu guhindura hydrocarbon. Ifu ya SB ni ibikoresho fatizo byo gukamura hydrogenation n'ibindi bikoresho byo gukamura hydrogène byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Alumina na hydrogen biremwa n'uburyo bukomeye bw'udupira twa aluminiyumu-gallium mu mazi, ikaba ari inzira nziza yo gukora hydrogen ku modoka zikoresha hydrogen mu gihe kizaza. Aluminium ya Trimethyl ikoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gukamura polymerization ya olefin, rocket fuel n'ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora trimethyl gallium.
Amabuye ya Bauxite ashobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibikoresho birwanya ubushyuhe, ibikoresho byo gusukura amazi, ibikoresho byo gushwanyaguza amavuta, corundum y'umukara na sima ifite alumina nyinshi, ifu ya aluminate ya calcium cyangwa sima ya aluminate ya calcium, nibindi, kandi aluminiyumu na silicon alloy nabyo bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bw'amashanyarazi bwo gushyushya.
Icyondo gitukura gikorwa na alumina gishobora gukoreshwa nk'ikinyabutabire cyo gukuraho sulfuri no gutunganya ubutaka ku nganda zikoresha amakara. Nyuma yo gukuraho sodium, gishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora sima, ibikoresho byo ku nkuta, ceramsite, nibindi. Muri icyo cyondo gitukura hashobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gukuramo ifu y'icyuma, scandium idasanzwe, bismuth n'ibindi byuma by'agaciro.
Ibikomoka kuri aluminiyumu okiside, aluminiyumu y'amazi na aluminiyumu ikomeye (clinker ivanze), bishobora gukoreshwa nk'umuvuduko w'ingufu cyangwa bigakoreshwa mu gukora umuvuduko w'ingufu; Galliyumu, vanadium n'ibindi byuma by'agaciro bishobora kuboneka no gukurwa mu nzoga y'umwimerere ikorwa na alumina.
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: 15 Nzeri 2020