Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza magalasi zimatchedwa zinthu zopangira magalasi. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu zimatanthauza zinthu zopangira zomwe zimalowetsa ma oxide osiyanasiyana mugalasi kuti apange thupi lalikulu la kapangidwe ka galasi, zomwe zimatsimikiza momwe galasi limagwirira ntchito komanso momwe limagwirira ntchito. Zinthu zazikuluzikulu ndi mchenga wa quartz, feldspar, limestone, dolomite, soda ash ndi zina zotero. Zinthu zopangira izi nthawi zambiri zimaperekedwa mu ufa pakadali pano. (1) zinthu zopangira silica zinthu zazikulu zopangira silica ndi mchenga wa silica (womwe umadziwikanso kuti mchenga wa quartz), womwe ungagawidwe kukhala mchenga wa silica wachilengedwe ndi mchenga wa silica wokonzedwa malinga ndi momwe ulili. Chifukwa cha zovuta za kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mchenga wa silica wachilengedwe nthawi zambiri kamasintha kwambiri, koma kufalikira kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumakhala kofanana. Kuti mchenga wa silica wachilengedwe ukhale wabwino, chisamaliro chiyenera kuperekedwa kuti chiwongolere kapangidwe ka mankhwala, kusinthasintha kwa kapangidwe kake ndi mchere wolemera. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala kameneka kamayang'anira kuchuluka kwa Fez 03, ndipo kamayesedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito malinga ndi mtundu wake. Kuyesa kwabwino kwa mchenga wa silika kwalembedwa patebulo 2-16.2) kukonza mchenga wa silika pogwiritsa ntchito miyala ya quartz kapena miyala ya sandstone pogwiritsa ntchito njira inayake yopangira ndi kupanga zinthu zopangira siliceous. Chifukwa kuyera kwa quartzite kapena miyala ya sandstone nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokwera, kuchuluka kwa kusayera kumakhala kochepa komanso kokhazikika, kuchuluka kwa mchenga wa silika wopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira kumakhala kokwera komanso kokhazikika. Komabe, kuyambira quartzite kapena miyala ya sandstone mpaka mchenga wa silika womwe ulipo wokhala ndi kukula kwa tirigu, zimakhala zovuta kuwongolera kukula kwa tirigu, kotero mtengo wake ndi wokwera. Mchenga wa silika nthawi zambiri umakonzedwa ndi njira yonyowa, yokhala ndi chinyezi. Mchenga wa silika ndiye chinthu chovuta kwambiri kusungunula. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kugawa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndi mawonekedwe a tinthu tating'onoting'ono zimakhudza kwambiri kusakaniza, kusungunula ndi kusakanikirana kwa zinthu zophatikizika. Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kumapindulitsa kusungunuka kwa galasi, koma kukakhala kocheperako kumakhala bwino. Ufa wa mchenga wa silika udzakhalapo chifukwa cha gulu, kusiyana kwa granular kulipo mu mabulovu ambiri ang'onoang'ono omwe amayambitsidwa ndi kusungunuka. Kuvuta, nthawi yomweyo kupezeka kwa ufa wa mchenga wa silika kumatha kukhala koyambirira ndipo gulu la zinthu monga sodium, calcium, magnesium limatha kupanga kuchuluka kwa kusungunuka, kukhuthala, kusakhazikika mosavuta kwa zinthu za ng'anjo muulamuliro, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zina zosagwira ntchito zikhale zolimba mu gulu. Mawonekedwe a tinthu ta mchenga ndi abwino ndi mawonekedwe a angular, chifukwa mawonekedwe a angular a malo apamwamba ndi akulu, ndipo mwayi wolumikizana ndi flux, pakusakaniza, kunyamula sikophweka. Mchenga wa silika uyenera kuwonedwa ndikuvomerezedwa m'dera la migodi. Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi cha mchenga wa silika kuyenera kulamulidwa pansi pa 8% pamene miyala ikupangidwa, komanso pansi pa 5% pamene mchenga ukulowetsedwa mu workshop. Kusinthasintha kwa chinyezi ndi 0.4%. Gome 2-17 likuwonetsa zofunikira paubwino wa zinthu zopangira siliceous. (2) zomwe zili mu A12 03 mu galasi wamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala 2.0% ~ 5.0%. Mabotolo agalasi oyera kwambiri a A12 03 amapangidwa makamaka ndi alumina ndi aluminium hydroxide kuti agwire, koma amachepetsa kufunika kwa galasi la chidebe ndi galasi lamitundu, amathanso kusankha kugwiritsa ntchito sodium feldspar, potassium feldspar, kapena calcium feldspar kuti akope pogwiritsa ntchito feldspar yodabwitsa A120 3 nthawi imodzi, zigawo za feldspar Naz O kapena K2 0 zimatha kusintha gawo la soda ash, ndizothandiza pa dongosolo losungunula galasi. Komabe, kuchuluka kwa chitsulo mu feldspar nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakukulu, Fe2 03 ndi yochepera 0.1% ya zochepa kwambiri, kotero ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha pa botolo wamba ndi galasi la chidebe, ndipo singagwiritsidwe ntchito pa botolo lapamwamba ndi galasi la chidebe. Feldspar malinga ndi kapangidwe kake kosiyanasiyana ka mankhwala ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi. mitundu ya potaziyamu feldspar, sodium feldspar, calcium feldspar, barium feldspar. Mwachilengedwe, pali zinthu zochepa zomwe zimapezeka mu feldspars zinayi, zomwe zambiri zimasakanizidwa ndi mchere wina mosiyanasiyana. Gome 2-18 likuwonetsa zofunikira pa zinthu za feldspar. (3) Na20, chinthu chopangira sodium oxide, ndi njira yabwino yopangira galasi. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa Na20 mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala m'mabotolo agalasi ndi zitini kumagwirizana kwambiri ndi momwe galasi limasungunukira, komwe nthawi zambiri kumakhala pakati pa 14% ~ 16% pakadali pano. Galasi la Na2 0 mu botolo limayambitsidwa makamaka ndi soda ash. Soda ash ndi mtundu wa mankhwala opangira, gawo lake lalikulu ndi Naz C03. Soda ash imagawidwa mu soda ya kristalo (Na2 C03 · 10H20) ndi soda ya calcined (Naz C03). Phulusa la soda lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale agalasi ndi soda yokhala ndi calcium popanda madzi a kristalo opangidwa ndi njira ya ammonia alkali. Phulusa la soda yokhala ndi calcium ndi ufa woyera, wosavuta kusungunuka m'madzi, wosavuta kuyamwa madzi mumlengalenga ndipo umakhala wosalala, wophikidwa, ndipo umafunika kusungidwa m'nyumba yosungiramo zinthu youma. Phulusa la soda ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza mtengo wa galasi. Alkali wolemera ayenera kukondedwa pagalasi la botolo. Poyerekeza ndi alkali wopepuka, alkali wolemera ali ndi kumasuka bwino, hygroscopicity, sauluka kwambiri komanso sayenda bwino, zomwe zingathandize kuti pakhale kufanana komanso liwiro losungunuka la mankhwalawo. Koma tinthu tating'onoting'ono kwambiri ta soda phulusa sitingathe kugwirizana bwino ndi zinthu zina zotsutsana ndi zinthuzo mofanana zimathandiza kuti zinthuzo zisakanikirane, zimapangitsa kuti zinthuzo zisagwirizane bwino, zimakhudza kusungunuka kwa galasi komanso kumveka bwino, motero, kukula kwa tinthu toyenera ndi 0.22 ~ 0.42 mm. Malo okhala ndi phulusa la soda kwa nthawi yayitali, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi madzi 5% ~ 8%, ayenera kudziwitsidwa nthawi yomweyo za chinyezi. Kusakhazikika kwa phulusa la soda panthawi yosungunuka kwa galasi ndi 0.5% ~ 3.2%. Phulusa la soda lomwe lili ndi calcium nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi Nacl pang'ono, chifukwa Cl ndi yogwira ntchito kwambiri, kuwonongeka kwa refractory kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Kuchuluka kwa phulusa la soda ndi kwakukulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa Cl mu yankho la galasi kwakopa chidwi cha makampani posachedwapa. (4) ntchito ya potassium oxide (K20) mu galasi ndi yofanana ndi ya Na20. Pakupanga mabotolo ndi galasi la chitini, K20 yochepa imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa gawo laling'ono la Na20, lomwe lingapangitse kuti galasi liziwoneka bwino komanso kuti zinthu zisamayende bwino. Kukhazikika kwa ma alkali oxide awiri mu galasi kuli bwino kuposa kwa alkali oxide imodzi. Pa chiŵerengero cha awiriwa, pali mfundo yabwino kwambiri, yomwe ndi. Zotsatira zosakanikirana. Zotsatira za K2 0 pa kutentha kwa galasi ndi zazikulu kuposa za Na20. Chifukwa chake, posintha gawo la Na20 ndi K20, mphamvu ya kutentha kwa galasi iyenera kuganiziridwa. K20 mu galasi la botolo nthawi zambiri imayamba chifukwa cha calcium potassium carbonate. Potaziyamu carbonate ikasungunuka mu galasi, kutayika kwa K20 kumakhala pafupifupi 12% ya kulemera kwake. Zofunikira pa khalidwe la potaziyamu carbonate ndi izi: K2 C03 yochepera 96%, na2040.2%, KCI+K2 S04 43.5%, madzi osasungunuka < 0.3%, madzi -3%. Mtengo wa potaziyamu ndi wapamwamba kuposa soda ash, chifukwa izi, kunja kwa botolo ndi galasi lofunikira kwambiri, mabotolo ambiri ndi galasi losungiramo zinthu sizigwiritsa ntchito potaziyamu oxide mwachindunji, zimatengera potaziyamu oxide ndi feldspar m'malo mwake. (5) Kuyika calcium oxide zopangira calcium oxide (Ca0) mu galasi ndiye gawo lalikulu la stabilizer, ndiko kuti, kuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa mankhwala ndi mphamvu yamakina ya galasi, koma pamene kuchuluka kuli kwakukulu, kungapangitse chizolowezi cha crystallization cha galasi kuwonjezeka, ndipo mosavuta zimapangitsa galasi kukhala lofooka. Kuchuluka kwa Cao mu botolo wamba ndi 7% ~ 11%, nthawi zambiri osapitirira 12.5%. Cao mu kutentha kwakukulu imatha kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa galasi, kulimbikitsa kusungunuka ndi Kuunikira bwino kwa galasi koma kutentha kukatsika, kukhuthala kumawonjezeka mwachangu kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuumba kukhale kovuta, chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa Cao mu galasi, kuwonjezera pa kuganizira momwe Cao imakhudzira mawonekedwe a galasi, ayeneranso kuganizira njira yopangira galasi ndi zinthu zina. Galasi yokhala ndi mawonekedwe a Cao ambiri iyenera kulowetsedwa mwachangu mu uvuni wothira madzi, apo ayi chinthucho chimakhala chosavuta kuphulika. Mukasungunula galasi la sodium-calcium, ndibwino kuyandikira 21 ndi Na0Ca0. Zipangizo zazikulu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu galasi la mtsuko ndi miyala ya laimu, calcite ndi choko. Miyala ya laimu yokhala ndi Fez 03 40.015% imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ziwiya ndi zinthu zoyera. Miyala ya laimu yokhala ndi Fez 03 yochepera 0.04% imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga galasi lamitundu. Madzi a miyala yamchere ayenera kulamulidwa osapitirira 1%. Pamene kapangidwe ka galasi kakufuna kuti chitsulo cha iron oxide chikhale chokhwima kwambiri, chingasinthidwe ndi calcite, yomwe ndi yoyera kwambiri kuposa miyala yamchere, komanso yokwera mtengo kwambiri. (6) kuchuluka kwa magnesium oxide (Mgo) mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala a mabotolo agalasi ndi zitini nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera 2%. Mukagwiritsa ntchito Mgo pang'ono m'malo mwa Cao pang'ono, kumatha kuwonjezera kukhuthala kwa vitreous pamene madzi a vitreous ali otentha kwambiri, kungapangitse kuti vitreous harvest liwide ichepe pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yayitali, kusintha mawonekedwe a vitreous ndikuchepetsa chizolowezi chake cha crystallization, calcium, magnesium ndi 2 valence alkaline earth metal oxide zimatha kusintha kukhazikika kwa mankhwala a vitreous, ndikuletsa kuti zinthu zisagwere m'malo onyowa kwa nthawi yayitali. Chimfine. Chochitika. Nthawi zambiri, kuchuluka kwa cholowa m'malo kuyenera kulamulidwa pansi pa 3%, pomwe kuchuluka kwa cholowa m'malo kumakhala kokulirapo kuposa 3%, zomwe zimakhudza kusungunuka ndi kupanga kwa galasi. Tinkaganiza kuti dolomite ndi miyala yamchere ya tinthu tating'onoting'ono timasungunuka, koma ndi kuzama kwa kafukufuku pa njira ya Gulu la magalasi otentha kwambiri, lidzapeza kulowetsedwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta dolomite mozungulira tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta silika, kuletsa mchenga kutenga nawo mbali mu reaction, pomwe tinthu ta miyala yamchere tomwe timakokedwa kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa reaction ya silicate sitinyowetsedwa ndi gawo loyambirira, madzi oyambira amatha kudutsa bwino mipata pakati pa dolomite yayikulu ya tirigu, miyala yamchere, mchenga wa silika kuti unyowetsedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti liwiro la reaction ya silicate liwonjezeke. Komabe, pamapeto pake, mpweya womwe umatulutsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwawo mwachangu ndi kusungunuka kwawo umakhala wothandiza kuti madzi agalasi awoneke bwino komanso agwirizane. Zapezeka kuti pamene tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta awiriwa tiwonjezeka kufika pa 2.5mm, mphamvu ya kusungunuka ndi kumveka bwino kwa galasi imakula kwambiri, ndipo pamene kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono kuli koposa 3mm, mphamvu ya kusungunuka ndi kumveka bwino kwa galasi imachepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, malire apamwamba a tinthu ta dolomite ndi miyala yamwala ayenera kulamulidwa mkati mwa mtundu winawake. Pakadali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito dolomite yayikulu ya tirigu, miyala yamwala ndi chizolowezi. Pakupanga kwenikweni, powerengera njira yagalasi, dolomite imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambitsa Mgo, ndipo gawo losakwanira la Cao limawonjezeredwa ndi miyala yamwala kapena calcite. Ngati kapangidwe ka galasi kalibe Cao, dolomite singagwiritsidwe ntchito kukoka Mgo mugalasi, iyenera kusankha magnesium carbonate kuti ikope Mg0. Zofunikira pa khalidwe la dolomite ndi Mg0≥20%, Cao <32%, Fe2O3 <0.15%.(7) Kuyambitsa barium oxide zopangira barium oxide (Bao) monga galasi ndi Cao ndi Mgo ndizofanana, koma galasi lokhala ndi barium ndi Cao lili ndi galasi, kuwala kwabwino, digiri yolimba ndi yayikulu, nthawi zambiri mu kapangidwe ka galasi la botolo la mtundu wa 0.5% ~ 1% Bao kuti liwongolere kuwala kwa galasi. Bao imatha kufulumizitsa kusungunuka, kuwunika bwino komanso kupewa kupangika kwa galasi, koma pamene mlingo uli waukulu kwambiri, chifukwa cha 2Ba0 1002 2Ba02 reaction, kuwunika kwa galasi kumakhala kovuta, ndipo zinthu zowola komanso zotsutsana zimakhala ndi kuwonongeka kwakukulu. Natural barium sulfate (BaS04) yotchedwa barite, BaS04 ili ndi kusinthasintha kwakukulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zodetsa kumakhala kwakukulu, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kokha pa khalidwe la galasi sikokwera kwambiri. Industrial BaS04 ndi Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu galasi la fluorine opacities ndi galasi la jade loyerekeza mu galasi la botolo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti galasi likhale ndi zotsatira zochepa za opacities. Koma zimachitika mukamagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri. Galasi la madzi., ku zinthu zotsutsana, zophimbidwa, kuumba ndi khalidwe la zinthu kumabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa zingapo. Kupanga mabotolo ndi magalasi otayira, Bao nthawi zambiri imayambitsidwa ndi barium carbonate ya mafakitale. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zopangira barium zimakhala ndi poizoni winawake, ndipo pakugwira ntchito yomanga ayenera kusamala ndi chitetezo. Zofunikira za khalidwe la barium carbonate ya mafakitale ndi Bac03 97%, Fe2 03 40.1% ndi acid insoluble 3%.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-14-2020