Alumina ya mankhwala ndi yosiyana, malinga ndi muyezo wa YS/ton 619-2007 wa mafakitale achitsulo osapanga chitsulo ndi dzina la kampani, malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala a alumina ya mankhwala imagawidwa m'magulu 5: mndandanda wa aluminiyamu wa hydroxide, mndandanda wapadera wa aluminiyamu wa oxide, mndandanda wa alumina woonda pang'ono, mndandanda wa zeolite ndi mndandanda wa simenti wa calcium aluminate.
Tsopano, polyaluminium chloride, sodium silicate, fluoride salt ndi mchere wina wa aluminiyamu, sodium aluminate, gallium ndi gallium compounds, gawo la alumina ceramics ndi corundum refractories nawonso akuphatikizidwa mu gulu la mankhwala alumina.
Mu 1910, Alcoa idapanga ndikugulitsa gulu loyamba la alumina wopangidwa ndi calcium padziko lonse lapansi, lomwe linali chinthu chopangira ma abrasives oyera a corundum.
Alumina ya mankhwala imadziwika ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, mtengo wowonjezera, zinthu zambiri zaukadaulo, minda yogwiritsira ntchito yomwe ikukula komanso ikukula, mtengo wokhazikika, komanso wosamalira chilengedwe, motero, yakhala nthambi yofunika kwambiri yamakampani opanga aluminiyamu.
Mayiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi ayika ndalama zambiri pakukula kwa makampani opanga alumina ya mankhwala. Alcoa kale inali kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yopanga alumina ya mankhwala, yokhala ndi makampani opanga 24, omwe amakhudza mayiko ndi madera onse akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi, ndikupanga mitundu yoposa 220 ndi matani opitilira 1000k /a. Kenako mu 2007 mbale ya alumina ya mankhwala idasamutsidwira ku kampani ya Netherlands anmai.
Japan ndi dziko lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limapanga alumina, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake, kutulutsa kwake kuli pafupifupi 1000 k, matani 2012, ndipo likupitilizabe kukwera pang'onopang'ono, mitundu yake ndi yapamwamba kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, Japan sipanga alumina yachitsulo, koma yazindikira kukula kwa kupanga alumina, seriation, sayansi ndi ukadaulo wapamwamba, kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kuwerengera mtengo, kupatula kukwaniritsa zosowa zapakhomo, kutumiza kunja kwafika 25%. Zoposa 85% za kupanga alumina yamankhwala ku Japan zimapangidwa ndi makampani opanga mankhwala a sumitomo, showa denko ndi zitsulo zopepuka ku Japan.
Cha m'ma 1940, United States, Japan ndi Europe pa kafukufuku wa alumina wa mankhwala pamlingo waukulu, mpaka m'ma 1970, m'maiko ena otukuka m'mafakitale m'maiko akunja kwakhala chitukuko chachikulu.
Malinga ndi ziwerengero za bungwe la International Aluminium Industry Association, mu 1975, kuchuluka kwa alumina m'maiko akumadzulo kunali pafupifupi matani 20344k, kupanga alumina ya mankhwala kunali matani 1699k, zomwe zinali 8.3% ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse; Mu 2000, kuchuluka kwa alumina padziko lonse lapansi kunali pafupifupi matani 51200k, pomwe kuchuluka kwa alumina ya mankhwala kunali matani 4800k, zomwe zinali 9.4% ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse. Mu 2008, kuchuluka kwa alumina yachitsulo padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 60496k ndipo alumina ya mankhwala inali matani 4638k, zomwe zinali 7.12% ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse. Mu 2012, kuchuluka kwa alumina padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 95,705k, ndipo kuchuluka kwa alumina ya mankhwala kunali matani 85,80k, zomwe zinali 9% ya kuchuluka kwa zinthu zonse. Kuyambira 2008 mpaka 2012, avareji pachaka Chiŵerengero cha kukula kwa alumina ya mankhwala padziko lonse lapansi chinali 16.6%, pafupifupi maperesenti 11 kuposa chiŵerengero chapakati cha kukula kwa aluminiyamu yoyambirira pachaka.
Makampani opanga alumina ku China anayamba mochedwa. Cha m'ma 1961, pofuna kuthetsa kusowa kwa zipangizo zopangira zamagetsi, fakitale ya alumina ya shandong (yomwe tsopano imadziwika kuti shandong aluminum industry co., LTD.) inayamba kupanga alumina yotsika sodium ndipo inayamba kufufuza, kupanga ndi kupanga alumina ya mankhwala ku China.
Mu zaka za m'ma 1970, pofuna kukwaniritsa mafuta, mankhwala, zoyezera, zoumba, mankhwala, chitetezo cha chilengedwe, zida, ndege ndi mafakitale ena, makampani opanga mankhwala a alumina, Shandong aluminiyamu chomera, Zhengzhou Light Metal Research Institute adapanga ndi kupanga alumina yogwira ntchito, alumina arsenic fluoride removal agent, low iron aluminiyamu hydroxide, high purity alumina, zoumba ndi alpha Al2O3, kupopera ndi alumina ndi mitundu ina 24 ya zinthu zatsopano.
M'zaka za m'ma 1980, kupanga alumina ya mankhwala ku China kunayamba kukula mofulumira, ndipo zinthu zatsopano zinapitiliza kuonekera. Poyimiridwa ndi Zhengzhou Light Metal Research Institute, Shandong Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd. ndi China Great Wall Aluminum Industry Co., Ltd., mizere yopangira alumina yapadera yokwana 60 inamangidwa. M'mabizinesi akuluakulu ambiri a alumina m'madera ozungulira, makampani achinsinsi ambiri apanga alumina ya mankhwala, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zopangira zapakhomo kapena zochokera kunja kuti apange alumina ya mankhwala osiyanasiyana.
China ndi dziko lalikulu lopanga alumina, lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wochuluka kuposa dziko lina lililonse, n'zosavuta kuzindikira nthambi ya kupanga alumina pogwiritsa ntchito njira yaukadaulo, makamaka aluminiyamu hydroxide yopangidwa ndi njira yopangira sintering, yomwe ili ndi kuyera kwachilengedwe kwambiri.
Pambuyo pa zaka zoposa 50 za chitukuko, makampani opanga alumina ku China ali ndi mphamvu yaikulu m'misika yamkati ndi yakunja, zodzaza aluminiyamu hydroxide ndi zinthu zina zimadziwikanso pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, poyerekeza ndi United States, Germany, Japan, mankhwala alumina a ku China mosasamala kanthu za khalidwe la mankhwala, mitundu, kupanga kwakukulu kuli ndi kusiyana kwakukulu, chifukwa chachikulu ndi kuchedwa kwambiri pakupanga ukadaulo ndi zida, kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku woyambira wa chiphunzitso sikokwanira, mphamvu yofooka yaukadaulo, chitukuko cha msika sikokwanira.
Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-02-2020